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MYRSIDEA POVEDAI
THE COMMUNICATION ........
On Mon, Sep 5, 2011 at 2:22 AM, Miroslav Capek <capek@ivb.cz> wrote:
Dear Jorge,
How are you? We have just come back from Peru where we stayed for six
weeks and did research into ectoparasites in birds.
I am writing on behalf of the whole team to give you some good news about
the results of our research. When we were leaving Costa Rica last year you
said you would be interested to hear about our publications concerning our
research in Volcan Barva. We are pleased to send you our first paper, which
has just been published in the Journal of Parasitology. It describes a
species of chewing louse which is new to science.
Its
specific name is “povedai” as we decided to name it after you in
recognition of your friendship, hospitality and considerable help during our
stay at your place. Other scientific publications are under preparation.
I am sending best regards from Oldrich Sychra, Filip Kounek, Ivan Literak
as well as Martina Literakova.
Best wishes
Mirek
--
Ing. Miroslav CAPEK, CSc.
Department of Avian Ecology
Institute of Vertebrate Biology
AS CR, v. v. i.
Kvetna 8
6 0 3
6 5 Brno
C Z E C H R E P U B L I C
THE PUBLICATION
..........
MYRSIDEA POVEDAI
(PHTHIRAPTERA: MENOPONIDAE), A NEW SPECIES OF CHEWING LOUSE FROM PHAINOPTILA
MELANOXANTHA (PASSERIFORMES: BOMBYCILLIDAE)
Oldrich Sychra, Filip
Kounek, Miroslav Capek*, and Ivan Literak Department of Biology and Wildlife
Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary
and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1-3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic. e-mail:
sychrao@vfu.cz
ABSTRACT: A description and illustrations are given for Myrsidea povedai n. sp.
from the black-and-yellow silky-flycatcher Phainoptila melanoxantha. The
female of M. povedai is distinguished from those of other species of Myrsidea
from Costa Rican passerine hosts by a unique combination of the following
characteristics: (1) well-developed hypopharynx, (2) well-defined median gap
in the rows of tergal setae and another gap between groups of setae on
lateral side of tergites II–VII and the most central seta, and (3) enlarged
metanotum with at least 23 setae.
These characters place M.
povedai close to Myrsidea campestrisfrom Euneornis campestris andMyrsidea
marinifrom Pezopetes capitalis(both from the Emberizidae). The female of M.
povedai can be easily separeted from both aforementioned species by the
abdomen without conspicuously enlarged tergites. Moreover, the male of M.
povedai is characterized by a unique male genital sclerite, which is quite
long (0.13–0.15), tapered apically, with a long median line, and without
subapical processes. This is the first record of a chewing louse from this host
and the first record of Myrsidea from the passerine family Bombycillidae. All
7 birds examined in Costa Rica in 2010 were parasitized with M. povedai. Mean
abundance was 11.6, with intensity range 4–27 lice per bird.
The black-and-yellow
silky-flycatcher (Phainoptila melanoxantha) represents a monotypic genus,
which is endemic to Costa Rica and western Panama. It is an enigmatic avian
lineage because its relationships to other passerines have long been controversial.
It is usually placed into the Ptilogonatidae (del Hoyo et
al., 2005). However, the most recent taxonomic survey recommends placing all
ptilogonatids as a subfamily into the Bombycillidae
(Spellman et al., 2008). Myrsidea Waterston is the
most speciose menoponid genus parasitizing mainly passerines.
It currently contains 328 recognized species
throughout the world, with 309 of them recorded
from 343 host species in 46 families of Passeriformes (Price et
al., 2003; Palma and Price, 2010). Despite its abundance,
no species of Myrsidea has been described from passerine
bombycillids (sensu Spellman et al., 2008). Here we describe a
new species of chewing louse Myrsidea, which represents
the first from the Bombycillidae and from the black-and-yellow
silky-flycatcher.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We conducted fieldwork
during the 2010 rainy season at 2 study sites in Costa
Rica: (1) Sacramento, Tamarak Lodge (10u069N, 84u079W, elevation
2,430 m; 176 birds of 29 species were examined from 30 July 2010 to 3
August 2010) and (2) Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo, Sector
Volcan Barva (10u079N, 84u079W, elevation 2,619 m; 117 birds of 20
species were examined from 4 to 8 August 2010). At these sites, dawn-to-dusk
mist netting was conducted to capture as many bird species
and individuals as possible and to collect their ectoparasites.
A line of
about 100 m of mist nets was checked at least once an hour. Every
individual bird was identified, sexed, and aged using Stiles and Skutch
(1989) and Garrigues and Dean (2007). Lice were collected using the
fumigation chamber method (Clayton and Drown, 2001). Lice were
stored in 70% ethanol and subsequently cleared and then slide mounted in
Canada balsam as permanent slides for proper identification, following the
technique of Palma (1978). All measurements are in millimeters.
DESCRIPTION
Myrsidea povedai n. sp. (Figs.
1–4)
Diagnosis female (n 5 6):
Head: Hypopharyngeal sclerites strongly developed,
reaching gular plate. Length of head seta 10, 0.06–0.08; seta 11, 0.12–0.13;
ratio10/11, 0.50–0.62. Gula with 5–7 setae on each side, posterior-most
much heavier and longer than others. Thorax: Pronotum with 6
setae on posterior marginal and 3 short spiniform setae at each lateral
corner; well-developed elongate prosternal plate rounded anteriorly.
Metanotum enlarged, with 23–27 setae on conspicuously rounded
posterior margin.
Metapleurites with 4 short spiniform strong setae; metasternal
plate large, triangular, with 4–5 setae on each side. Legs: The first
tibia with 3 outer lateral ventral and 4 dorsal setae; femur III with 17– 21 setae
in ventral brush. Abdomen: Without conspicuously enlarged tergites,
tergites I and II medially compressed by enlarged metanotum with convex
posterior margin medially, with well-defined median gap in the rows of
tergal setae (Fig. 1). Well-defined gap also between groups of setaeon
lateral side of tergites II–VII and the most central seta. Tergal setae: I, 20–27; II,
20–24; III, 20–26; IV, 18–24; V, 19–25; VI, 17–24; VII, 15–18; VIII, 8
(only 1 female with 10). Setae on tergites I and II quite long, extending
over next 3 tergites. Postspiracular setae extremely long on II and IV
(0.53–0.55), very long on VIII (0.40–0.45), long on I and VII (0.35– 0.36) and
much shorter on III and V–VI (0.18–0.23). Without medioanterior
tergal, sternal, or pleural setae. Sternite I small, without setae.
Sternal setae: II, 4 in each aster, 18–22 marginal between asters, 7–9 medioanterior;
III, 28–38; IV, 35–43; V, 40–50; VI, 35–38; VII, 15–20; VIII–IX,
13–16 marginal, 8–10 anterior setae. Posterior margin of subgenital
plate serrated. Anus with 33–46 setae in each ventral and dorsal
fringe. Length of inner posterior seta of last tergum 0.04–0.05; short lateral
marginal seta of last segment 0.05–0.07. Dimensions:Temple width, 0.50–0.52;
head length, 0.30–0.31; prothorax width, 0.31–0.32; metathorax width,
0.50–0.52; abdomen width at level of segment IV, 0.62–0.70; anus width,
0.23–0.24; total length, 1.51–1.55. Male (n 5 6): Head: Length
of head seta 10, 0.06–0.07; seta 11, 0.10– 0.12;
ratio10/11, 0.50–0.70. Gula with 5–6 setae on each side. Thorax: Metanotum
with 11–14 setae on posterior margin, metasternal plate with 3–4 setae
on each side. Legs: Femur III with 15–20 setae in ventral brush. Abdomen:
Tergites with well-defined median gap in the rows of tergal setae.
Tergal setae: I, 14–17; II, 17–20; III, 17–21; IV, 17–21; V, 17–21; VI, 16–19;
VII, 13–16; VIII, 12. Postspiracular setae very long on II, IV, and VIII (0.42–0.48),
long on I and VII (0.25–0.30), and much shorter on III and V–VI
(0.12–0.20). Sternal setae: II, 4 in each aster, 13–16 marginal between
asters, 6–10 medioanterior; III, 20–29; IV, 28–36; V, 33–37; VI, 31–36;
VII, 15–22; VIII–IX, 9–12, remainder of plate, 7–13. Sternite VII separate
from subgenital plate of fused VIII–IX; with 8 internal anal setae. Length of
inner posterior seta of last tergum 0.06–0.07; short lateral marginal
seta of last segment 0.02. Genitalia: As in Figure 2. Genital sac sclerite
as in Figure 3, quite long, tapered apically, with quite long median line,
without subapical processes. Dimensions: Temple width, 0.44–0.47; head
length, 0.28–0.29; prothorax width, 0.28–0.30; metathorax width,
Received 6 December 2010;
revised 3 February 2011; accepted 11 February 2011.
* Institute of Vertebrate
Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,
v. v. i., Kvetna 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic.
DOI: 10.1645/GE-2715.1 J.
Parasitol., 97(4), 2011, pp. 593–595 F American Society of
Parasitologists 2011 5930.37–0.40; abdomen width
at level of segment IV, 0.45–0.48; genitalia length,
0.42–0.45; genitalia width, 0.12; genital sac sclerite length, 0.13– 0.15;
total length, 1.30–1.36.
Taxonomic summary:
Type host: Phainoptila
melanoxantha Salvin.
Type material: Female
holotype ex P. melanoxantha (slide O. Sychra CR96),
Costa Rica, Sacramento, Tamarak Lodge (10u069N, 84u079W, elevation
2,430 m), 3 August 2010, Sychra, Kounek, Capek and Literak leg. Paratypes:
1 female and 2 males with same data as holotype, 4 females and 4
males ex P. melanoxantha, Costa Rica, Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo,
Sector Volcan Barva (10u079N, 84u079W, elevation 2,619 m), 7–8 August
2010, Sychra, Kounek, Capek and Literak
leg. Deposited in the National
Biodiversity Institute (INBio), Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa Rica
(O. Sychra CR96–97); Moravian Museum, Brno (MZM),
Czech Republic (O. Sychra
CR98–99); and Natural History Museum,
London, United Kingdom (O.
Sychra CR100–101).
Range of infestatation and
abundance:Intensity range 5 4–27 and mean abundance
5 11.6.
Etymology:
This species is named in honor of Jorge Poveda Quiro´s (Costa Rica) in recognition of his friendship and invaluable help during our research field stay on Volca´n Barva, Costa Rica, in 2010.
Remarks
The female of M. povedai is
distinguished from those of other species of Myrsidea
from Costa Rican passerine hosts by a unique combination of the following
characteristics: (1) well-developed hypopharynx, (2) well-defined median gap
in the rows of tergal setae and another gap between groups of setae on
lateral side of tergites II–VII and the most central seta, and (3) enlarged
metanotum with at least 23 setae. These characters place M. povedai
FIGURES 1–4. Myrsidea povedai n. sp. (1) Female. (2) Male. (3) Male genitalia. (4)
Male genital sclerite.
Scales: 0.50 mm (Figs. 1–2),
0.10 mm
(Figs. 3–4). For Figures 1–2 dorsal side on left, ventral side on right.
594 THE JOURNAL OF
PARASITOLOGY, VOL. 97, NO. 4, AUGUST 2011 close to
M. campestris from Euneornis campestris and M. marini from Pezopetes
capitalis (both from the Emberizidae). The female of M. povedai can be
easily separeted from both aforementioned species by the abdomen without
conspicuously enlarged tergites. Moreover, male of M. povedai is characterized
by unique male genital sclerite, which is quite long (0.13–0.15), tapered
apically, with long median line, and without subapical processes.
This is the first record of
a chewing louse from P. melanoxantha and the first
record of Myrsidea from the Bombycillidae. All 7 birds examined were
parasitized with 81 specimens of M. povedai (40 males, 21 females, and 20
nymphs were found). Although an even sex ratio is predominant in most
ectoparasites, in some species of chewing lice, a skewed ratio can be observed
(Price et al., 2003). Clayton et al. (1992) found that ischnoceran lice had
more female-biased sex ratios, whereas amblyceran lice had more male-biased
ratios. This corroborates our results (male:female ratio 5 1:0.53).
The skewed age ratio observed (adult:nymph 5 1:0.33) is also similar to
those indicated by Clayton et al. (1992) and suggests the existence
of stable chewing lice populations (Mashall, 1981). Eggs of lice were found
on 4 of 7 black-and-yellow silky-flycatchers examined. They were
located on the head and neck of host.
DISCUSSION
Although there has been no
comprehensive study of the entire genus due to the large
number of species involved, all evidence suggests
that each host species or group of closely related host
species is parasitized by 1,
or more, closely related species of Myrsidea (Clay, 1966; Price
and Dalgleish, 2007). Therefore, the only practical way to deal
with the taxonomy of such a large genus is to treat lice from
each host family as a unit. While most species of
Myrsidea are more easily identified by examining females,
males may show characteristics needed for phylogenetic analysis
(Clay, 1966). Species of Myrsidea grouped together based on
characteristics of the male genital sclerite are frequently found to be
parasitic on a group of related hosts, usually from 1 bird family.
The male of Myrsidea povedai is characterized by a unique male
genital sclerite. If other members of the Ptilogonatinae and Bombycillidae
harbor Myrsidea with the same type of male genital
sclerite, this may lend support to findings of molecular phylogenetic
analysis and confirm validity as to the recently
described taxonomic status
of the Bombycillidae sensu Spellman et al. (2008). The only way
to clarify this case will be to collect and study
moreMyrsidea occurring on other species of Bombycillidae.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The fieldwork part of the
study was permitted by the Ministerio de Ambiente,
Energia y Telecomunicaciones de Costa Rica (Resolucion No
136-2010-SINAC). We are grateful to Bernardo Calvo Rodriguez and Martina
Literakova for their help in the field. Funding was provided by the Grant
Agency of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (Grant
IAA601690901). M.C. was also supported in part by the Ministry of
Education, Youth, and Sports of the Czech Republic (Grant LC06073).
LITERATURE CITED
CLAY, T. 1966. Contributions
towards a revision of Myrsidea Waterston. I.
(Menoponidae: Mallophaga). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural
History), Entomology 17: 327–395.
CLAYTON, D. H., AND D. M.
DROWN. 2001. Critical evaluation of five methods
for quantifying chewing lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera). Journal of Parasitology
87: 1291–300.
———, R. D. GREGORY, AND R.
D. PRICE. 1992. Comparative ecology of neotropical
bird lice (Insecta, Phthiraptera). Journal of Animal Ecology
61: 781–795.
DEL HOYO, J., A. ELLIOT, AND
D. CHRISTIE (EDS.). 2005. Handbook of the birds
of the world, Vol. 10. Cuckoo-shrikes to thrushes. Lynx Edicions,
Barcelona, Spain, 895 p.
GARRIGUES, R., AND R. DEAN.
2007. The birds of Costa Rica: A field guide.
Christopher Helm, London, U.K., 387 p.
MARSHALL, A. G. 1981. The
ecology of ectoparasitic insects. Academic Press,
London, U.K., 459 p.
PALMA R. L. 1978. Slide
mounting of lice: A description of the Canada balsam
technique. New Zealand Entomologist 6: 432–436.
———, AND R. D. PRICE. 2010.
The species of Myrsidea Waterston (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Menoponidae)
from the Galapagos Islands, with descriptions of new
taxa. Tuhinga 21: 135–146.
PRICE, R. D., AND R. C.
DALGLEISH. 2007. Myrsidea Waterston (Phthiraptera: Menoponidae)
from the Emberizidae (Passeriformes), with
descriptions of 13 new species. Zootaxa 1467: 1–18.
———, R. A. HELLENTHAL, R. L.
PALMA, K. P. JOHNSON, AND D. H. CLAYTON. 2003. The chewing
lice: World checklist and biological overview. Illinois Natural
History Survey Special Publication 24, Champaign,
Illinois, 501 p.
SPELLMAN, G. M., A. CIBOIS,
R. G. MOYLE, K. WINKER, AND F. K. BARKER. 2008. Clarifying the
systematics of an enigmatic avian lineage: What is a
bombycillid? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
49: 1036–1040.
STILES, F. G., AND A.
SKUTCH. 1989. A guide to the birds of Costa Rica. Christopher
Helm, London, U.K., 511 p.
THE NEW ECTOPARASITE FOUND....
FIGURES 1–4. Myrsidea povedai n. sp. (1) Female. (2) Male. (3) Male genitalia. (4) Male genital sclerite.
Scales: 0.50 mm (Figs. 1–2), 0.10 mm
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