viernes, 15 de enero de 2010

WHY DOES THE UNIVERSE LOOK THE WAY IT DOES?

Presentación.- En mi libro " Universos: Los Rostros de Dios,incluido en este mismo Blog , se encuentran las ideas seminales a las cuales alude el cosmologo Sean Carroll,porque son los temas que vienen dando vuelta en la mente y en las publicaciones y conferencias de los cosmologos desde los años 80 -90 y actualmente ocupan su atención por no se sabe cuanto tiempo mas.

Es que junto con las ideas de los cosmologos sobre temas como " Inflacion", "Entropia", Y las soluciones que se ofrecen ,por ejemplo desde las varias " Teorias de Cuerdas Cosmicas" vibrando en dimensiones no conocidas , siguen aflorandodo las mismas dudas que plantea el cosmologo Carrol en su publicacion que aqui se inserta.

El no encuentra soluciones a tan cruciales preguntas,pero asoma posiblidades de investigación que dan pie para afirmar que ademas de nuestro Universo conocido (aunque subsistan muchas dudas teoreticas acerca de el) debemos formar parte de un conjunto mayor que se denomina Multiuniverso (Multiverse en ingles).

Carroll plantea dudas validas acerca de si en efecto ha existido un periodo de Inflación despues del Big Bang y se pregunta que existe antes del Big Bang. Formula igualmente preguntas acerca del Tiempo y sobre su existencia real. Y su conclusión-como todo cosmologo serio es que debemos esperar para tener mas conocimientos a lo que -por ahora-son ideas pre-teóricas.

Fuente: Edge 304—November 13, 2009
Original placed at : THE THIRD CULTURE , WHY DOES THE UNIVERSE LOOK THE WAY IT DOES?
A Conversation with Sean Carroll .Included an EDGE Video with SEAN CARROLL, a theoretical physicist, senior research associate at Caltech. His research interests include theoretical aspects of cosmology, field theory, and gravitation. He is the author of a Spacetime and Geometry: An Introduction to General Relativity; and From Eternity to Here: The Quest for the Ultimate Theory of Time. And he is cofounder and contributor to the Cosmic Variance blog.


WHY DOES THE UNIVERSE LOOK THE WAY IT DOES?

[SEAN CARROLL:]

This seems on the one hand a very obvious question. On the other hand, it is an interestingly strange question, because we have no basis for comparison. The universe is not something that belongs to a set of many universes. We haven't seen different kinds of universes so we can say, oh, this is an unusual universe, or this is a very typical universe. Nevertheless, we do have ideas about what we think the universe should look like if it were "natural", as we say in physics. Over and over again it doesn't look natural. We think this is a clue to something going on that we don't understand.

One very classic example that people care a lot about these days is the acceleration of the universe and dark energy. In 1998 astronomers looked out at supernovae that were very distant objects in the universe and they were trying to figure out how much stuff there was in the universe, because if you have more and more stuff — if you have more matter and energy — the universe would be expanding, but ever more slowly as the stuff pulled together. What they found by looking at these distant bright objects of type 1A supernovae was that, not only is the universe expanding, but it's accelerating. It's moving apart faster and faster. Our best explanation for this is something called dark energy, the idea that in every cubic centimeter of space, every little region of space, if you empty it out so there are no atoms, no dark matter, no radiation, no visible matter, there is still energy there. There is energy inherent in empty spaces. We can measure how much energy you need in empty space to fit this data, this fact that the universe is accelerating. This vacuum energy pushes on the universe. It provides an impulse. It keeps the universe accelerating. We get an answer and the answer is 10-8 ergs per cubic centimeter, if that is very meaningful.

But then we can also estimate how big it should be. We can say, what should the vacuum energy have been? We can do a back-of-the-envelope calculation, just using what we know about quantum field theory, the fact that there are virtual partials popping in and out of existence. We can say, there should be a certain amount of vacuum energy. The answer is, there should be 10112 ergs per cubic centimeter. In other words, 10120 times as much is the theoretical prediction compared to the observational reality. That is an example where we say the universe isn't natural. There is a parameter of the universe, there is a fact about the universe in which we live — how much energy there is in empty space — which doesn't match what you would expect, what you would naively guess.

This is something a lot of attention has been paid to in the last 10 years or even before that, trying to understand the apparently finely tuned nature of the laws of physics. People talk about the anthropic principle and whether or not you could explain this by saying that if the vacuum energy were bigger, we wouldn't be here to talk about it. Maybe there is a selection effect that says you can only live in a universe with finely tuned parameters like this. But there is another kind of fine tuning, another kind of unnaturalness, which is the state of the universe, the particular configuration we find the universe in — both now and at earlier times. That is where we get into entropy and the arrow of time.

This is actually the question that I am most interested in right now. It's a fact about the universe in which we observe that there are all sorts of configurations in which the particles in the universe could be. We have a pretty quantitative understanding of ways you could rearrange the ingredients of the universe to make it look different. According to what we were taught in the 19th century about statistical mechanics by Boltzmann and Maxwell and Gibbs and giants like that, what you would expect in a natural configuration is for something to be high entropy, for something to be very, very disordered. Entropy is telling us the number of ways you could rearrange the constituents of something so that it looks the same. In air filling the room, there are a lot of ways you could rearrange the air so that you wouldn't notice. If all the air in the room were squeezed into one tiny corner, there are only a few ways you could rearrange it. If air is squeezed into a corner, it's low entropy. If it fills the room, it's high entropy. It's very natural that physical systems go from low entropy, if they are low entropy, to being high entropy. There are just a lot more ways to be high entropy.

If you didn't know any better, if you asked what the universe should be like, what configuration it should be in, you would say it should be in a high entropy configuration. There are a lot more ways to be high entropy — there are a lot more ways to be disorderly and chaotic than there are to be orderly and uniform and well arranged. However, the real world is quite orderly. The entropy is much, much lower than it could be. The reason for this is that the early universe, near the Big Bang, 14 billion years ago, had incredibly low entropy compared to what is could have been. This is an absolute mystery in cosmology. This is something that modern cosmologists do not know the answer to, why our observable universe started out in a state of such pristine regularity and order — such low entropy. We know that if it does, it makes sense. We can tell a story that starts in the low entropy early universe, trace it through the present day and into the future. It's not going to go back to being low entropy. It's going to be compliant entropy. It's going to stay there forever. Our best model of the universe right now is one that began 14 billion years ago in a state of low entropy but will go on forever into the future in a state of high entropy.

Why do we find ourselves so close to the aftermath of this very strange event, this Big Bang, that has such low entropy? The answer is, we just don't know. The anthropic principle is just not enough to explain this. We really need to think deeply about what could have happened both at the Big Bang and even before the Big Bang. My favorite guess at the answer is that the reason why the universe started out at such a low entropy is the same reason that an egg starts out at low entropy. The classic example of entropy is that you can take an egg and make an omelette. You cannot take an omlette and turn it into an egg. That is because the entropy increases when you mix up the egg to make it into an omelette. Why did the egg start with such a low entropy in the first place? The answer is that it is not alone in the universe. The universe consists of more than just an egg. The egg came from a chicken. It was created by something that had a very low entropy that was part of a bigger system. The point is that our universe is part of a bigger system. Then you can start to try to understand why it had such a low entropy to begin with. I actually think that the fact that we can observe the early universe having such a low entropy is the best evidence we currently have that we live in a multiverse, that the universe we observe is not all that there is, that we are actually embedded in some much larger structure.

We are in a very unusual situation in the history of science where physics has become slightly a victim of its own success. We have theories that fit the data, which is a terrible thing to have when you are a theoretical physicist. You want to be the one who invents those theories, but you don't want to live in a world where those theories have already been invented because then it becomes harder to improve upon them when t hey just fit the data. What you want are anomalies given to us by the data that we don't know how to explain.

Right now, we have two incredibly successful models — in fact three if you want to count gravity.We have for gravity Einstein's Theory of General Relativity, which we have had since 1915. It provides a wonderful explanation of how gravity works from the solar system to the very, very early universe — one second after the Big Bang. In particle physics, we have the standard model of particle physics based on quantum field theory, and it predicts a certain set of particles. It was assembled over the course of the '60s and '70s, and then through the '80s and the '90s all we did was confirm that it was right. We got more and more evidence that it fit all of the data. The standard model is absolutely consistent with the observations that we had. Finally, in cosmology we have the standard Big Bang model — the idea that we start in a hot dense state near the Big Bang. We expand and cool over the course of 14 billion years. We have a theory for the initial conditions, where there were slight deviations in density from place to place and these slight deviations grow into galaxy and stars and clusters of galaxies.

The three ingredients — the standard model of particle physics, general relatively for gravity, and the standard model of Big Bang cosmology — together fit essentially all the data we have. It makes it very difficult to move beyond that, but it's crucial that we move beyond that because these ideas are mutually inconsistent with each other. We know they can't be the final answer. We have these large outstanding questions. How do you reconcile quantum field theory and quantum mechanics more generally, which is the basis of the standard model, with general relativity, which is the way that we describe gravity? These two theories are just speaking completely different languages and that makes it very difficult to know how to marry them together. In cosmology, we have the Big Bang, which is a source of complete mystery. How did the universe begin? Why were the initial conditions like they were? That is something that we need to figure out. We also have hints of things that don't quite fit into the model. We have dark matter, which cannot be accommodated in the standard model of particle physics, and we have dark energy making the universe accelerate, which is not something that we can do. We can basically put a fudge factor into the equations that fit the data, but again we don't have an understanding of why it is like that, where that comes from.

What we want to do is move beyond these models that fit the data and are phenomenological and basically about fitting the data and move to a deeper understanding. What are the fundamental ingredients out of which gravity and particle physics arise? What are the things that could have happened at the Big Bang? There are a bunch of ideas out there on the market.

For fundamental physics, we have string theory as the dominant paradigm. We don't know that string theory is right. It could be wrong, but for many years now people have been working on string theory, suggesting that we replace the idea of tiny little particles making p the universe by tiny little loops of string. That single idea taken to its logical conclusion predicts a whole bunch of wonderful things, which unfortunately we can't observe. This is just a problem with our ability to do experiments compared to the regime in which string theory might become important. We can't make a string by itself. We can't observe the stringiness of ordinary particles because the energies are just too high. In string theory, you predict that there should be extra dimensions of space. There should not only be the three dimensions of space that we know and love — up, down, forward, backward — but there should be extra dimensions, and those dimensions are somehow invisible. They could all be curled up in really tiny balls and we just can't see them. In fact, we will never see them plausibly, depending on how small they are. Or some of them could be big, and we are stuck on some subset. We can't get to the extra dimensions, and this is the idea that we live on a brane. One of the questions that string theory puts front and center is, if the theory itself — string theory — likes to predict that there are extra dimensions, then where are they? Not only where are they, but why are they not visible? What happened in the universe to make these dimensions invisible? There are a bunch of ideas.

I recently wrote a paper with Lisa Randall and Matt Johnson about how we could have started in a universe that had more dimensions, and then undergone a transition to a big space where some of the dimensions were curled up. This is a provocative idea that also feeds into cosmology. The point is that you can't just sit down and try to reconcile gravity — the laws of general relativity — with quantum mechanics, without also talking about cosmology and why the universe started in the state that it was in. The way we have to go is to look at what happened before the Big Bang. Right now, the best model that we have for what happened at what we now call the Big Bang, which is the favorite one among cosmologists, is inflation. The idea is that there was a temporary period of super fast acceleration that took a tiny little patch of the universe and smoothed it out, filled it with energy, and then that energy heated up into ordinary particles and dark matter, and that is what we see as the Big Bang today.

But inflation has a lot of questions that it doesn't answer. The most obvious question is, why did inflation ever start? You say, well, there is a tiny little patch. It was dominated by some form of energy. How unlikely can that be? Roger Penrose and other people have emphasized that it is really, really unlikely that can be. Inflation does not provide a natural explanation for why the early universe looks like it does unless you can give me an answer for why inflation ever started in the first place. That is not a question we know the answer to right now. That is why we need to go back before inflation into before the Big Bang, into a different part of the universe to understand why inflation happened versus something else. There you get into branes and the cyclic universe.

I really don't like any of the models that are on the market right now. We really need to think harder about what the universe should look like. If we didn't have some prejudice for what the universe did actually look like from doing experiments, we should try to understand what we would expect just from first principles as to what should the universe look like, and then see how that comes close or comes far away from looking like the actual universe. It's only when we take seriously what our theories would like the universe to look like and then try to match them with the universe that we see that we can take advantage of these clues that the experiments are giving us to try to reconcile the ideas of quantum mechanics, gravity, string theory and cosmology.


One of the interesting things about the string theory situation, where we are victims of our own success, where we have models that fit the data very well but we are trying to move beyond them, is that the criteria for success has changed a little bit. It's not that one theory or another makes a prediction that you can go out and test tomorrow. We all want to test our ideas eventually, but it becomes a more long-term goal when it's hard to find data that doesn't already agree with the existing theories. We know that the existing theories aren't right and we need to move beyond them.

Quantum mechanics and general relativity are incompatible, but nature is not incompatible with itself. Nature figures out some way to reconcile these ideas. String theory is the obvious case of somewhere where it has been heavily investigated, starting in the '60s and '70s and taking off to become very popular in the '80s. Here we are in almost 2010 and it's still going strong without having made any connection to experiments. You might want to say at some point, "show me the money". What have you actually learned from doing this? String theorists have learned a tremendous amount about string theory, and the question remains, have we learned anything about nature? That is still an open question.

One of the reasons why string theory is so popular among people who have thought about it very carefully is that it really does lead to new things. It really is fruitful. It's not that you have make some guess like, oh, maybe space time is discrete or maybe the universe is made of little molecules or something like that, and then you say, okay, what do you get from that? By making this guess that instead of particles there are little strings, you are led to thinking if I put that into the framework of quantum mechanics I get 10 dimensions. Then, oh, it also needs to be supersymmetric. There are different kinds of particles that we actually observe in nature and if we try to compactify those extra dimensions and hide them, we begin to get things that look like the standard model. We are learning things that make us think that we are on the right track.

In the 1990s there was a second superstring revolution that really convinced a lot of the skeptics that we were on the right track. There are still plenty of other skeptics who remain unconvinced. One of the things we learned is that different versions of string theory all come from the same underlying theory. Instead of there being many, many different versions of string theory, there is probably only one correct underlying theory that shows up in different ways. What you might have thought of as different versions of the universe, different versions of the laws of physics, are really more like different phases of matter. For water, we have liquid water, we have ice, we have water vapor. Depending on the conditions that the water is in, it will manifest itself in different ways and it will have different densities, different speed of sound, things like that. String theory says that is what space time can be like. Spacetime can find itself in different phases, like liquid water or frozen ice. In those different phases the local laws of physics — the behavior around you — can look completely different. It can look dramatically different.

The most famous example was discovered by Juan Maldacena, a young string theorist, who showed that you could have a theory in one version of which spacetime looked like gravity in five dimensions, and in another version of which it looked like a four dimensional theory without any gravity. There are different numbers of dimensions of space. In one version of the theory there is gravity and in another there is no gravity, but they are really the same theory under it all. To say that string theory of gravity is already not quite the whole story. It's a theory of, some versions look like gravity, some versions you don't have any gravity.

The reason why that is so crucial is that there are a lot of philosophical problems that arise when you try to quantize gravity that don't arise when you try to talk about ordinary theories of particle physics without gravity. For example, the nature of time. Does the universe have a beginning? Do space and time emerge, or are they there from the start? There are very good questions to which a priori we don't know the answer, but string theory has now given us a concrete explicit playground, a toy example, where in principle all the answers are derivable. In practice, it might require a lot of effort to get there, but you can translate any question you have into a question ordinary field theory without gravity. There is no beginning to time. Time and space are there, just as they are in ordinary particle physics.

We have learned a lot from string theory about what quantum gravity can be like. Whether or not it actually is, quantum gravity shows up in the real world, is still a little bit up for grabs. One of the problems is it's easy to say you have different phases and that is interesting. The problem is that there are far too many phases. It's not like you have 10 or 12 different possibilities and you need to match the right one onto the universe. It's like we have 101,000 different possibilities, or even maybe an infinite number of possibilities. Then you say, well, anything goes. You run into problems with falsifiability. How do you show that a theory is not right if you can get anything from it? My answer to that is we just don't know yet. But that does not imply that we will never know.

The other thing is that we predict in string theory that there is a multiverse, that not only can you have different conditions in different places in the universe, but you will. If you combine ideas from string theory with ideas from inflation, you imagine that this universe that we observe ourselves to be in is only a tiny little part of a much, much larger structure where things are very different. People say, can you even talk about that and still call yourself a scientist? You talk about all this stuff we can never observe. The thing to keep in mind is that the multiverse is not a theory. The multiverse is a prediction of a theory. This theory that involves both string theory and inflation predicts that there should be regions outside what we can observe where conditions are very different. That is a crucially important difference because we can imagine testing the theory in other ways even if we can't directly test the idea of the multiverse. The idea of the multiverse might change our expectations for why a certain thing that we observe within our universe is a problem or not. It might say this issue about the small vacuum energy that we have isn't a problem because we are just in one region of the universe that is not representative for one reason or another.

Basically, the short version of this long story is that we are on a long term project here. We have very good ideas within string theory for reconciling quantum mechanics and gravity. We don't know if it's the right idea, but we are making progress. The fact that we don't yet know the answer, we can yet make a firm falsifiable prediction for the Large Hadron Collider or for gravitational wave observatories or for cosmology, is not in any way evidence that string theory is not on the right track. We have to both push forward with the experiments, get our hands dirty, learn more about cosmology, dark matter and dark energy, and also push forward with the theories. Develop them to a point where we really can match them up to some experiment that we haven't yet done.

We need some great ideas to be pushing forward from the condition that we are in right now into the future, and my personal expertise is on the theoretical side of things. It is very often the case that the actual progress comes from the experimental side of things — and not just the experimental side of things, but from experiments you hadn't anticipated were going to surprise you. There are these wonderful experiments people are doing, not only the big experiments with LIGO, detecting gravitational waves, and the LHC looking for new particles, but also smaller, table-top experiments, looking for small deviations from Newton's Law of Gravity, looking for new forces of nature that are very weak or new particles that are very hard to detect. I need to say that it would be very likely that one of these experiments in some unanticipated way jolts us out of our dogmatic slumber and give us some new ideas.

I have an opinion which is slightly heterodox, about the standard ideas in cosmology. The inflationary universe scenario, that Alan Guth really pioneered, people like Andre Linde and Paul Steinhardt really pushed very hard. This is a wonderful idea, which I suspect is right. I suspect that some part of the history of the universe is correctly explained by the idea of inflation, the idea that we start in this little tiny region that expanded and accelerated at this super-fast rate. However, I think that the way most people, including the people who invented the idea, think about inflation is wrong. They are too sanguine about the idea that inflation gets rid of all the problems that the early universe might have had. There is this feeling that inflation is like confession — that is wipes away all prior sins. I don't think that is right. We haven't explained what needs to be explained until we take seriously the question of why inflation ever started in the first place. It's actually a mistake and something wrong on the part of many of the people who buy into inflation that inflation doesn't need to answer that question because once it starts it answers all the questions that you have.

When I was in graduate school happily reading all these different papers and learning different things, some of the papers I read were by Roger Penrose, who was a skeptic about the prevailing conventional wisdom concerning the inflationary universe scenario. Penrose kept saying over and over again in very clear terms that inflation doesn't answer the question we want answered because it doesn't explain why the early universe had a low entropy. It says why the universe evolved in the way it did by positing that the universe started in an even lower entropy state than was conventionally assumed. It's true that if you make that assumption, everything else follows, but there is no reason, Penrose said, to make that assumption. I read those papers and I knew that there was something smart being said there, but I thought that Penrose had missed the point and so I basically dismissed him.

Then I read papers by Huw Price, who is a philosopher in Australia and who made basically the same point. He said that cosmologists are completely fooling themselves about the entropy of the universe. They are letting their models assume that the early universe had a low entropy, the late universe has a very high entropy. But there is no such asymmetry built into the laws of physics. The laws of physics at a deep level treat the past and the future the same. But the universe doesn't treat the past and the future the same. One way of thinking about it is, if you were out in space floating around, there would be no preferred notion of up or down, left or right. There is no preferred direction in space. Here on earth, there is a preferred notion of up or down because there is the earth beneath us. There is this dramatic physical object that creates a directionality to space, up versus down. Likewise, if you were in a completely empty universe, there would be no notion of past and future. There would be no difference between one direction of time or the other.

The reason we find a direction in time here in this room or in the kitchen when you scramble an egg or mix milk into coffee is not because we live in the physical vicinity of some important object, but because we live in the aftermath of some influential event, and that event is the Big Bang. The Big Bang set all of the clocks in the world. When we go down to how we evolve, why we are born and then die, and never in the opposite order, why we remember what happened yesterday and we don't remember what is going to happen tomorrow, all of these manifestations of the difference between the past and the future are all coming from the same source. That source is the low entropy of the Big Bang.

This is something that was touched on way back in the 19th century when the giants of thermodynamics like Boltzmann and Maxwell were trying to figure out how entropy works and how thermodynamics works. Boltzmann came up with a great definition of entropy and he was able to show that if the entropy is low it will go up. That is good because that is the second law of thermodynamics. But he was stuck on this question of why was the entropy low to begin with. He came up with all these ideas which are very reminiscent of the same kinds of ideas that cosmologists are talking about today. Boltzmann invented the idea of a multiverse, the anthropic principle where things were different in some regions of the universe than in others and that we lived in an unrepresentative part of it. But he never really quite settled on what he thought was the right answer, which makes perfect sense because still today we don't know what the right answer is. We know very well how to explain that I remember yesterday and not tomorrow, but only if we assume that we start the universe in a low entropy state.

I like to say that observational cosmology is the cheapest possible science to go into. Every time you put milk into your coffee and watch it mix and realize that you can't unmix that milk from your coffee, you are learning something profound about the Big Bang, about conditions in the very, very early universe. This is just a giant clue that the real universe has given to us to how the fundamental laws of physics work. We don't yet know how to put that clue to work. We don't know the answer to the who done it, who is the guilty party, why the universe is like that. But taking this question seriously is a huge step forward in trying to understand how the universe that we see around us directly fits into a much bigger picture.
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jueves, 12 de noviembre de 2009

FE Y CIENCIA EN EL MODELO RIELO

IV CONGRESO MUNDIAL DE METAFÍSICA


Presentación.- En la Conferencia de Clausura del Congreso, a cargo del Prof. Jose Maria Lopez Sevillano afirma que en el "Modelo de Fernando Rielo" este distingue tres momentos de la creación:

a) El primer momento es el Big-bang de la materia, que en su evolución se abre
a la vida.

b) El segundo momento es el Big-bang de la vida, que en su evolución se abre al
espíritu.

c) El tercer y postrer momento es la creación del espíritu en la concepción de un
ser humano.

Analizados estos tres aspectos la vida -al y como la conocemos,la percibimos,la captamos ,la sentimos tiene sentido y no como afirman los materialistas es un resultado probabilista en el que tan solo participan el azar o una concatenación de accidentes.

El Prof. Lopez Sevillano es sumamente claro en reiterar el "Modelo de Rielo" ,también conocido como Modelo Genético porque en el se entrecruzan tres variables que no se dan por casualidad: el soma,la psique y el espíritu.

En mi obra: Universos: Los Rostros de Dios que se incluye en este blog, justamente termino señalando que la Cosmologia per se nos deja insatisfechos cuando todo se tiende a reducir a formulas matemáticas y a constantes físicas ,haciendo que la Vida que surge en el momento de Creacion (Fe) o en el Modelo de Big Bang (Ciencia), quede sujeta a variables que participan tanto de la metafísica de la que dicen huir los científicos, como de la ideología (agnosticismo) que les atrapa cuando no es posible reducir el concepto Dios a ecuaciones.

Es por tal razón que encuentro que el modelo de Rielo ,sumamente sencillo ,contiene una verdad inconmensurable: la verdad de la Vida.


Implicaciones del Modelo Genético en las áreas experiencial y experimental de las ciencias
( Extracto )




Conferencia de Clausura del Congreso, a cargo del Prof. José María López Sevillano ,
Roma, 7 de noviembre de 2009.



..."La primera precisión que debemos tener en cuenta acerca del Modelo Genético
de Fernando Rielo es que es un modelo absoluto o metafísico cuya presentación viene
dada por la concepción genética del principio de relación.

Cuando ordinariamente hablamos de lo genético, nos referimos a la información
codificada de la vida orgánica, a su transmisión hereditaria o al origen y desarrollo de las características que controlan su proceso. Metafísicamente, estamos refiriéndonos a la vida absoluta; por tanto, a la génesis e influjo sobre todo lo que es vida y sobre todo aquello que limita, condiciona y posibilita el desarrollo de la misma.

Si hemos de tratar acerca de la vida, de la ciencia o de la experiencia humana,
como de cualquier otro tema de importancia para nuestra reflexión, debemos tener en
cuenta un modelo absoluto desde el cual todo adquiera unidad, dirección y sentido.
Contribuyen a la búsqueda de este modelo absoluto las filosofías y las religiones.

Por eso, cuando hablamos de algo, debemos saber desde qué modelo o filosofía lo
hacemos. Podemos hablar mucho sobre la libertad, la vida, la economía, el
sufrimiento o la mismísima muerte; pero ¿desde qué modelo o filosofía lo hacemos?
A la base de lo que hablamos, implícito o explícito está un modelo o una filosofía que nos dé visión del tema dentro de un contexto general de la realidad.

Sin embargo, hay algo que ha empañado siempre la visión de la realidad, y sigue
empañándola, nos dirá Rielo. Este algo son las ideologías que, en sus prejuicios,
distorsionan dicha visión e, incluso, la pueden degradar profundamente. El
reconocimiento de una ideología lo obtenemos por su estructura reductiva, excluyente
e intolerante. Las ideologías reducen, en lugar de potenciar; excluyen, en lugar de
incluir; y fanatizan, en lugar de activar la apertura y el diálogo.

Si nos referimos al cuerpo, a la psique y al espíritu del ser humano, cualquiera
de estas dimensiones que tomemos, elevadas a absoluto, incurren en ideología:
el ser humano no es sólo cuerpo, ni es sólo psique, ni es sólo espíritu.

De este modo, el materialismo o fisicalismo, el psicologismo o conductismo y el
espiritualismo o idealismo gnoseológico, son ideologías porque, absolutizando una
sola dimensión, presentan la realidad del ser humano reducida a esa dimensión
con exclusión de todas las demás.

La tendencia ideologizante está presente en la reflexión, en el discurso, en la
filosofía, en la política, en la religión. Nadie estamos libres de la tentación de las ideologías; lo que tenemos que hacer es no caer en ella. Toda ideología intentará siempre forjar un discurso justificativo e impositivo cuyos frutos podemos observar en el comportamiento de quien está preso en sus garras: la reducción, la exclusión y la intransigencia son el resultado que todos podemos observar en cualquier ideología.

Si nos referimos a la vida, no podemos incurrir en el simplismo de lo que dicta
sólo la matematización y el experimento de las ciencias biológicas y limitarnos a las expectativas generadas con la secuenciación del genoma humano, junto con los
avances tecnológicos, que permiten a los científicos diseñar insólitas terapias para
combatir enfermedades hasta ahora incurables, mejora sustancial de la calidad de
vida y el retraso del envejecimiento.

Hoy, por ejemplo, muchos tipos de cáncer ya se curan; algunas infecciones están erradicadas o a punto de erradicarse; los recientes hallazgos en cardiología alejan, en buena parte, el fantasma del infarto; los culpables de algunos trastornos cerebrales (la epilepsia, la demencia, el parkinson o la embolia) están siendo desenmascarados en tal grado que los síntomas de estas enfermedades neurológicas pueden aliviarse con la esperanza de que en pocos años se encuentre su cura.

Pero no, nuestra vida no sólo es pura biología. Nuestro cuerpo, tal como lo
percibimos, no está diseñado para la inmortalidad. Seguimos muriéndonos por
infarto, por cáncer o por otras enfermedades. El optimismo de la ciencia y su técnica no nos alivia del temor a la muerte. No reduzcamos nuestra vida a simple biología incurriendo en la ideología del biologismo.

Debemos distinguir, por lo menos, tres ámbitos de la vida: a) vida orgánica o
vegetativa, b) vida psíquica o anímica y c) vida espiritual o consciencial.

La materia, cuando llega a su grado culmen de evolución se abre a la vida;
tal hecho ocurre en la interacción de los elementos prebióticos —carbono, ácidos
nucleicos, proteínas, lípidos y glúcidos— que hacen posible que se dé la vida en
el cosmos y son los responsables de las características propias de la vida orgánica
o vegetativa.

A su vez, la vida vegetativa, en su evolución con el sistema nervioso y el cerebro,
se abre a la vida psíquica o anímica. Por último, la vida psíquica o anímica —en su
evolución con el proceso máximo de encefalización y desarrollo de la corteza cerebral— se abre a la vida espiritual o consciencial en el ser humano.

La materia inerte es incapaz por sí misma de producir la vida.
De la interacción de las cuatro fuerzas básicas de la materia —gravedad, electromagnética, nuclear fuerte y nuclear débil—, o de la interacción de las partículas elementales —quarks, leptones y gluones—, sólo pueden salir la materia y los fenómenos que se derivan de ella.

La vida no es resultado de ninguna de estas interacciones; por tanto, no puede emerger en absoluto de la materia, sino que es dada a la materia cuando ésta cumple, en su evolución, con las condiciones de posibilidad para que pueda realizarse la vida.

La materia debe llegar a un momento cumbre de apertura a la vida con el objeto de que ésta pueda darse en aquélla. La vida orgánica se sucede, a su vez, en interacción con la compositividad de la materia y la complejidad de los componentes vitales —estímulo-respuesta, instintos— dando lugar a los sentimientos, emociones, imaginación, memoria, fantasía, que son componentes psíquicos complejos.

Se constituye, de este modo, la vida psíquica o anímica: es el paso de la vegetación a la animación. La animación, por último, adquiere distintos momentos en la evolución para abrirse definitivamente al espíritu.

Hemos llegado, de este modo, a la psicomatización del espíritu que se hace persona en virtud de la divina presencia constitutiva del modelo absoluto que inhabita en aquél.

Fernando Rielo distingue .... tres momentos de la creación:

a) El primer momento es el Big-bang de la materia, que en su evolución se abre
a la vida.

b) El segundo momento es el Big-bang de la vida, que en su evolución se abre al
espíritu.

c) El tercer y postrer momento es la creación del espíritu en la concepción de un
ser humano. Este espíritu asume en sí mismo el precedente homínido con sus
funciones psíquicas y orgánicas; por ello, Fernando Rielo afirma que tenemos un
espíritu psicosomatizado.

El ser humano participa, pues, de los tres estadios de la vida, aunque hay que
afirmar, con exactitud, que su naturaleza, formada de soma, psique y espíritu,
solamente tiene una vida; esto es, está constituido por una vida espiritual o
consciencial que asume, reduciendo a cero ontológico el precedente anímico y
vegetativo, todo el específico de la vida psíquica y también todo lo específico de la vida orgánica.

Fernando Rielo concibe la “transformación” no como cambio de una forma en otra de tal modo que la primera es aniquilada por la segunda; nuestro autor
afirma que no existe la aniquilación, sino la reducción a cero de una forma por otra
forma que asume el específico de la anterior de tal modo que este específico pasa a
ser de la forma asumente sin ser aniquilada, sino reducida a cero la asumida.
En nuestro caso, el espíritu es la forma asumente que hace suyo el específico de la psique y el específico del soma, reduciendo a cero la forma anímica y la forma estructural del cuerpo con el objeto de asumir sus específicos.

De aquí, que no sean tres vidas, sino única vida espiritual o consciencial que
asume el vital carácter psicológico y el vital carácter orgánico del precedente
homínido. Por ello, en unidad de naturaleza, el ser humano es un espíritu
psicosomatizado en el que pueden diferenciarse el carácter orgánico y el carácter
psicológico de la vida consciencial con sus funciones vegetativo-compositivas y sus
funciones psíquico-complejas.

Tengamos en cuenta, por otra parte, que es el ser humano, con su espíritu
psicosomatizado, el que hace ciencia, sociedad, historia, arte, religión. Por tanto,
debemos saber primero quién es el sujeto de la ciencia experiencial y experimental
con el objeto de discernir mejor su estructura y su origen y cuál puede ser su finalidad y su relación con el modelo absoluto.

Debemos ir primero al análisis de nuestra consciencia humana. En ella,
observamos que está presente como objeto de conocimiento todo lo que es finito o
relativo, y también está presente el infinito o absoluto en cuanto que tenemos
consciencia de estar abiertos a este infinito o absoluto.

La presencia de lo finito y la presencia del infinito están presentes en nuestra consciencia como objetos de conocimiento y como límite formal (lo finito) y límite transcendental (el infinito); pero no están presentes del mismo modo: lo finito está presente limitándonos; el infinito está presente potenciándonos, abriéndonos a sí mismo. Por ello, no somos ni finitos ni infinitos; antes bien, finitos abiertos al infinito.

¿Qué es lo que nos define como personas? En ningún caso, nos puede definir lo menos,
sino lo más; esto es, nos define la presencia del infinito que, por ser definiens,
es constitutiva, esencial, y en ningún caso accidental. Es también presencia absoluta o divina porque el modelo absoluto, concepción genética del principio de relación, son personas divinas: a nivel racional, dos personas divinas, Binidad, en inmanente complementariedad intrínseca [P1 =P2]; a nivel revelado, tres personas divinas, Trinidad, en inmanente complementariedad intrínseca [P1 =P2 =P3].

La divina presencia constitutiva del modelo absoluto en nuestro espíritu deja a
éste en estado de ser y acto de ser consciencial; por eso, nuestro espíritu, como
consciencia potestativa, tiene forma de ser y razón de ser. A este estado, acto, forma y razón de ser del espíritu lo denomina Fernando Rielo “gene ontológico o místico”: es la réplica, en un espíritu creado, del gene metafísico o divino, impreso en nosotros por la divina presencia constitutiva del modelo absoluto.

Nuestro organismo se caracteriza por multitud o compositividad de genes físicos
(de 25.000 a 30.000 genes, según el proyecto del genoma humano); nuestra psique se
forma por la complejidad del gene psíquico; y nuestro espíritu se define por la
simplicidad del gene ontológico o místico.

El espíritu, lejos de la compositividad de la materia y de la complejidad de
la psique, no puede tener sino único gene ontológico o místico a imagen y semejanza
del único gene absoluto; esto es, del único gene metafísico o divino en que consiste la concepción genética del principio de relación, constituida por personas divinas. La geneticidad espiritual asume en sí misma la geneticidad psicológica y la geneticidad biológica dando unidad, dirección y sentido a la vida integral de la persona humana.

Debemos hablar, por tanto, de la geneticidad del espíritu, de la geneticidad de la
psique y de la geneticidad del organismo o soma.

La vida del espíritu es la que es infundida por la divina presencia constitutiva del
modelo absoluto; por tanto, es vida ontológica o mística. Se denomina vida
ontológica porque atañe al ser; esto es, al “ontos” del espíritu. Dicho de otro modo, la vida ontológica, en Rielo, corresponde al estado de ser, acto de ser, forma de ser y razón de ser de nuestro espíritu.

A esta vida ontológica la denomina también “vida mística” porque este estado, acto,
forma y razón de ser es experiencia del amor o apertura del espíritu a la infinitud.
Nuestro autor afirmará, además, que el espíritu humano es éxtasis incoado porque
la divina presencia constitutiva del modelo absoluto es el “+” que rompe la identidad del espíritu en cuanto espíritu, haciéndolo salir de sí abriéndolo al Absoluto y a lo que, no siendo el Absoluto, halla su forma y razón de ser en el Absoluto.

La divina presencia constitutiva del modelo absoluto en el espíritu humano es,
para Fernando Rielo, “principio concreacional” y “epistémico”. Es principio
concreacional porque acompaña a la creación del espíritu, capacitándolo con las
estructuras y operadores genéticos que aquél requiere para ser persona. Estas
estructuras y operadores, que constituyen el gene ontológico o místico, no son otras
que el contrapunto de los atributos divinos en el espíritu creado: la “bondad divina” del modelo absoluto, por ejemplo, es “bondad mística u ontológica” en la persona humana.

Rielo establece con ello las proposiciones genéticas respecto de los
atributos: verdad, bondad, hermosura, unidad, amor, justicia, etc.; expresándolas del siguiente modo: “la verdad en la persona humana es mística u ontológica verdad de la divina o metafísica verdad”; “la bondad es mística u ontológica bondad de la divina o metafísica bondad”, etc., que es como decir, refiriéndonos, por ejemplo, a la verdad: “mística u ontológica verdad a imagen y semejanza de la divina o metafísica verdad.

La divina presencia constitutiva es “principio epistémico” porque, actuando en
las estructuras y operadores genéticos, nos inspira el objeto de conocimiento y la
actuación positiva con respecto a este objeto; esto es, nos hace conocer,
transcendentalmente, el objeto con el mismo conocer con el que el modelo absoluto
conoce, teniendo en cuenta que el espíritu creado posee en su límite formal múltiples limitaciones, condicionamientos y resistencias, que de ningún modo tiene el Absoluto.

Nuestro conocimiento, por tanto, no puede ser sino un conocimiento finito
abierto al infinito. En la medida en que el sujeto humano reduzca —por la iniciativa
inspiradora y por su respuesta a la inspiración— su límite formal, se acercará más al conocimiento del modelo absoluto, cuya presencia constitutiva en el espíritu le abre, en sus estructuras y operadores genéticos, al límite transcendental.

Nadie ni nada salva al ser humano del esfuerzo que debe hacer para responder a esta inspiración constitutiva con el fin de hacer ciencia, arte, política, sociedad, etc., y así poder transformar la realidad para su bienestar físico, psíquico y espiritual.

Esta inspiración se da, como el sol y la lluvia, a buenos y malos, a creyentes e incrédulos. El Génesis 3,19 corrobora este hecho universal: “Comerás el pan con el sudor de tu frente”.

No hay descubridor, ni premio Nobel, ni profesional, ni nadie que no haya trabajado y sufrido sus hallazgos, su premio, su profesión o, incluso, su luchar para vivir cada día.

Si me refiero a la ciencia, ésta consiste en el conocimiento de la realidad en
todos sus ámbitos con el objeto de actuar sobre ellos y servir al bienestar físico,
psíquico y espiritual del ser humano en su nivel personal y social. La realidad, por
otra parte, se presenta, desde el punto de vista material y fenomenológico,
matematizable y experimentable; es el dominio de las ciencias experimentales, que
tienen como lenguaje la matemática.

Otra cosa es la realidad desde el punto de vista de lo que no es cuantificable, ni
matematizable, ni experimentable. El experimento se realiza teniendo en cuenta los
sentidos y la potenciación de estos con la ayuda de la técnica.

Sin embargo, existe un amplio campo, dentro de la realidad, que, no siendo
experimentable, sí es matematizable y capaz de conocer o predecir hechos físicos o
fenomenológicos. Pero existe un amplísimo campo que no es ni matematizable ni
experimental; éste pertenece a la realidad incuantificacional y puede ser definido y
experienciado o vivido, pero no matematizado ni experimentado. Su lenguaje no es la
matemática, sino la metafísica.

El instrumento no es la medida, ni la experimentación, sino la vivencia o la experienciación.

Hemos visto el ámbito biológico u orgánico, al que contribuyen todas las
ciencias experimentales o de la naturaleza. Pero tenemos también los ámbitos psicobiológico, psicológico, psico-espiritual y espiritual. Si nos referimos al campo psicobiológico, éste participa de la experimentación y de la experienciación, pues en lo psico-biológico existe algo que es puramente matematizable y experimentable, y algo que es sólo definible y experienciable.

La manifestación de los sentimientos y emociones, por ejemplo, se da en un campo matematizable y experimental; sin embargo, la unidad, dirección y sentido de los sentimientos no corresponde a lo matematizable y experimental, sino a la definición y a la vivencia, requiriéndose, para ello, el lenguaje metafísico y ontológico.

El ámbito psicológico participa más de lo incuantificable que de la cuantificación:
el contenido de la razón, del deseo y de la intención, si bien tienen su manifestación psicosomática, y por tanto experimental, es un contenido complejo, que tiene mucho de experiencialidad o de vivencia, aunque puede ser objeto de la lógica formal.

Es aquí donde naufragan todos los formalismos porque se cierran en una razón que deja sin unidad, dirección y sentido transcendentes al objeto de consciencia. Debemos tener cuidado en no identificar el campo de la formalidad de la razón con el campo de la metafísica.

Más allá de la razón, del deseo y de la intención, están las funciones psicoespirituales como la intuición, la fruición y la libertad, cuyo contenido es netamente experiencial o de la vivencia. Pero más allá de estas funciones psicosomáticas y psicoespirituales, podemos hallar la potencia de unión que caracteriza a nuestro espíritu y es la fuerza por la cual podemos unir nuestras facultades y sus funciones, y podemos salir de nosotros mismos para unirnos con el Absoluto, con nuestros semejantes, con la naturaleza y el cosmos.

Esto no sería posible sin que la divina presencia constitutiva del modelo absoluto deje constituida a la potencia de unión en consciencia y potestad ontológicas; esto es, la divina presencia constitutiva deja a nuestro espíritu en estado, acto, forma y razón de ser de una consciencia ontológica o mística que se proyecta en las facultades y sus funciones psicoespirituales y psicosomáticas.

Es cierto que la experiencia del ser humano es una, y ésta es experiencia de un
espíritu psicosomatizado; por tanto, tiene como propiedades las funciones
psicoespirituales y psicosomáticas: la intuición, la fruición, la libertad, la razón, el deseo, la intención, la memoria, la imaginación, el sentimiento, la emoción, los instintos, los estímulos, las sensaciones, los sentidos, etc. Por eso, debemos decir no que tenemos experiencia racional, emotiva o imaginativa, sino más bien “carácter racional, emotivo, imaginativo, intuitivo, intencional, instintivo, sensible, etc., de nuestra única experiencia, que es experiencia espiritual.

Ahora bien, metodológicamente, con el objeto de hacer ciencia, debemos considerar la realidad bajo su dimensión cuantificacional, matematizable y experimentable, y su dimensión incuantificacional, definible y experienciable o vivencial.

La primera la constituyen las ciencias experimentales cuyo lenguaje es la
matemática; la segunda la constituyen las ciencias experienciales o de la vivencia,
cuyo lenguaje es la metafísica y la ontología o mística.

No son dos tipos diferentes de experiencia, sino única experiencia humana que adquiere dos formas: experimental, para todo lo que es cuantificable; experiencial, para todo lo que no es cuantificable, teniendo en cuenta que todo lo que no es cuantificable es muchísimo más vasto e importante en el ser humano, como son, por ejemplo, los contenidos de la verdad, la bondad, la hermosura, la justicia, la creencia, la expectativa, el amor y un largo etcétera.

La constante transcendental de todas las ciencias, nos explica Rielo, es la
inspiración en virtud de que la divina presencia constitutiva del modelo absoluto en el espíritu humano es el principio epistémico inspirador de toda verdad, bondad,
hermosura, inspirador de toda creatividad y quehacer positivo del ser humano.

La constante formal es distinta en cada una de los dos niveles de ciencia: en las
ciencias experimentales, la constante formal es la unidad de medida; en las ciencias
experienciales, la constante formal es la unidad de vivencia.

La metodología genética tiene, finalmente, una actitud metodológica que no
podemos ignorar:

1) Debemos llevar la inteligencia a límite en tal grado que el término que
resulta, a la visión intelectual bien formada, es el modelo absoluto bajo la razón de axioma absoluto que da unidad, dirección y sentido al objeto de nuestra inteligencia.

2) Debemos llevar nuestra voluntad a límite en tal grado que el término que
resulta, a nuestro compromiso ontológico, es el modelo absoluto bajo la razón de
fundamento que da unidad, dirección y sentido al objeto de nuestra voluntad.

3) Debemos llevar nuestra tendencia unitiva a límite en tal grado que el término
que resulta a nuestra unión, en sentido último, es el modelo absoluto bajo la razón de principio que da unidad, dirección y sentido al objeto de nuestra unión.

Resumo en dos palabras esta ponencia. El modelo absoluto no es otra cosa que
el amor absoluto entre personas divinas, que se hacen constitutivamente presentes en
el ser humano infundiendo su amor en nuestro espíritu y haciendo de éste místico
amor de su divino amor. Podemos comprender, entonces, que el mayor testimonio de
amor es, como afirma Cristo con su palabra y con su ejemplo, “dar la vida”. Quien
está dispuesto a dar la vida, y no a quitarla, y la vida se puede dar de muchas formas y en múltiples dimensiones, entra de lleno en la comprensión de la concepción
genética del principio de relación.

José María López Sevillano
Presidente del Colegio de Doctores

IV CONGRESO MUNDIAL DE METAFÍSICA

De como saberes y experiencias diversas y dispersas: la fe, la teología, la metafísica y la ciencia buscan encontrar su puesto en una colaboración al servicio del ser humano.


Del 5 al 7 de noviembre se ha celebrado en Roma el IV Congreso Mundial de Metafísica, organizado por la Escuela Idente, la Fundazione Idente di Studi e Ricerca ( Estudio e Investigación) y el Instituto Internacional de Metafísica y Mística, contando con la colaboración de la Fundación Ortega y Gasset, y de la Fundación Fernando Rielo.

Este evento internacional viene celebrándose trianualmente desde el año 2000. Han participado 170 profesores de distintas Universidades del mundo, contando con una gran participación española.

En la sesión de apertura, el Presidente de Honor del Congreso, Cardenal Camilo Ruini subrayó como el Papa Benedicto XVI, en su ultima Encíclica Caritas in Veritate ha incluido el pensamiento metafísico en su reflexión sobre el desarrollo humano integral, afirmando que la doctrina social de la Iglesia permite a la fe, a la teología, a la metafísica y a la ciencia encontrar su puesto en una colaboración al servicio del hombre.
Por su parte, el Presidente del Congreso, Dr. Jesús Fernández Hernández, señalo como para Fernando Rielo, creador e impulsor de este Congreso Mundial, la metafísica, si quiere ser autentica, debe procurar una visión bien formada de la realidad desde un modelo absoluto que tiene que situarse lejos de las corrientes escépticas y relativistas.
Subrayó como las ideologías han empañado la filosofía, la política, la ciencia y la religión, sumiendo a la persona humana en el pensamiento errático de tres reduccionismos fundamentales: el filosófico, el político y el religioso.

La conferencia inaugural la impartió el Dr. Jesus Conill Sancho, Catedrático de la Universidad de Valencia, con el sugerente titulo: ¿Neurometafisica como Filosofia Primera?

Las sesiones se han desarrollando en mesas redondas, y comunicaciones distribuidas por grupos de idiomas en italiano, español e ingles. La temática de las mesas redondas ha sido: Metafísica y Persona; Metafísica y Sociedad; Metafísica y Arte; Metafísica y Teología; y el Modelo Genético de Fernando Rielo.

La conferencia de clausura la impartió el Presidente de la Escuela Idente, Dr. D. Jose M. López Sevillano, quien desarrollo las “Implicaciones del Modelo Genético de Fernando Rielo en las ciencias experienciales y experimentales, a la que siguió un animado coloquio.
D. David G. Murray, Director del Comité Cientifico, expuso las conclusiones del Congreso, comenzando con una pregunta: ¿es posible un pensamiento cristiano post-metafísico? o ¿puede prescindir totalmente la filosofía actual de la metafísica?, habría que responder: los seres humanos hacen metafísica porque necesitan explicarse la experiencia de apertura al absoluto que ya poseen. Las concepciones metafísicas nacen en el marco de esta exigencia vital.

En este sentido —manifestó— que el Modelo Genético propuesto por Fernando Rielo —que algunos ponentes de este Congreso han comentado— surge de la experiencia humana de apertura al infinito y plantea una concepción del absoluto que sea plenamente compatible con esa experiencia.
Una metafísica “bien formada”, en expresión rieliana, permite, a su vez, que en el ámbito cultural se pueda aclarar la comprensión de la experiencia mística presente en la humanidad y favorecerla a través de una comunicación adecuada. Así, la metafísica nace de la vida mística a la vez que la enriquece con su visión y su lenguaje. En esta perspectiva, están emergiendo de este Congreso unos proyectos que responden a la necesidad de mayor comunicación y aplicación de las intuiciones recibidas.

Es necesario, por ejemplo, potenciar el diálogo con las metafísicas clásicas o tradicionales para determinar el origen experiencial de sus observaciones más sentidas y colocarlas en un texto comparado con los intentos recientes de renovar la metafísica, notablemente las propuestas rielianas, de tal manera que esta reflexión transcendental emerja reforzada y ampliada en la cultura general.

Por otra parte, se formula un Modelo Absoluto —subrayo— no sólo para hablar de la infinitud, sino para iluminar las actividades concretas de los seres humanos. Este es el espíritu de las referencias a la metafísica en la reciente Encíclica Caritas in veritate, donde el Papa precisa los múltiples saberes que han de colaborar a distintos niveles de reflexión para promover el desarrollo humano integral.

Concluyo que también los frutos de una visión metafísica y mística han de compartirse e interaccionar con los campos que conciernen a la salud humana —como son la medicina, la psiquiatría y la psicología— teniendo en cuenta que el modelo de vida y el sentido último que se plantee una persona impacta profundamente su bienestar. Lo mismo puede decirse de la pedagogía y la formación humana en general.

El desarrollo de estas líneas supone el reto de seguir organizando encuentros para poderlas llevar a cabo.

El Dr. D. Jesús Fernández Hernández, Presidente del Congreso, lo clausuró manifestando su convencimiento de que se había logrado un espacio de intercambio de ideas y de amistad muy fructífero, agradeciendo la participación de todos los profesores.

Esta información que está tomada de la fuente original, se puede ampliar en la página web del Congreso: www.metaphysics2009.org

miércoles, 11 de noviembre de 2009

Confiamos en SUSY.....

En el LHC las informaciones de prensa dicen que se busca la llamada impropiamente" Partícula de Dios" ,el Boson de Higgs, pero aun si no se logra encontrar en el LHC se esta jugando la suerte del "Modelo Standard" que explica la aparición del Universo conocido. Y aunque fracasara la "teoría de cuerdas" que soporta teóricamente la busqueda del Boson de Higgas podría encontrarse -eventualmente -la respuesta al principal "conundrum" que aqueja a la Cosmologia: ¿ Por cual razón la Gravedad es una fuerza esencialmente distinta a todas las demás fuerzas físicas conocidas.... Si solo esto logra dilucidarse en el LHC al menos se habra dado un paso gigantesco.

Esta información aparece en el numero correspondiente al 11 de noviembre de 2009 en la famosa Revista New Scientist...


Nuevas revelaciones sobre el LHC

(tomado de New Scientist ,11 noviembre 2009 )


In SUSY we trust: What the LHC is really looking for
Dear New Scientist Reader, welcome to the New Scientist newsletter. This week, we reveal what the LHC is really looking for…..

• 11 November 2009 by Anil Ananthaswamy
• Magazine issue 2734 (with 4 images)
• For similar stories, visit the Cosmology , Quantum World and The Large Hadron Collider Topic Guides

AS DAMP squibs go, it was quite a spectacular one. Amid great pomp and ceremony - not to mention dark offstage rumblings that the end of the world was nigh - the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the world's mightiest particle smasher, fired up in September last year. Nine days later a short circuit and a catastrophic leak of liquid helium ignominiously shut the machine down.
Now for take two. Any day now, if all goes to plan, proton beams will start racing all the way round the ring deep beneath CERN, the LHC's home on the outskirts of Geneva, Switzerland.
Nobel laureate Steven Weinberg is worried. It's not that he thinks the LHC will create a black hole that will engulf the planet, or even that the restart will end in a technical debacle like last year's. No: he's actually worried that the LHC will find what some call the "God particle", the popular and embarrassingly grandiose moniker for the hitherto undetected Higgs boson.
"I'm terrified," he says. "Discovering just the Higgs would really be a crisis."
Why so? Evidence for the Higgs would be the capstone of an edifice that particle physicists have been building for half a century - the phenomenally successful theory known simply as the standard model. It describes all known particles, as well as three of the four forces that act on them: electromagnetism and the weak and strong nuclear forces.
It is also manifestly incomplete. We know from what the theory doesn't explain that it must be just part of something much bigger. So if the LHC finds the Higgs and nothing but the Higgs, the standard model will be sewn up. But then particle physics will be at a dead end, with no clues where to turn next.
Hence Weinberg's fears. However, if the theorists are right, before it ever finds the Higgs, the LHC will see the first outline of something far bigger: the grand, overarching theory known as supersymmetry. SUSY, as it is endearingly called, is a daring theory that doubles the number of particles needed to explain the world. And it could be just what particle physicists need to set them on the path to fresh enlightenment.
So what's so wrong with the standard model? First off, there are some obvious sins of omission. It has nothing whatsoever to say about the fourth fundamental force of nature, gravity, and it is also silent on the nature of dark matter. Dark matter is no trivial matter: if our interpretation of certain astronomical observations is correct, the stuff outweighs conventional matter in the cosmos by more than 4 to 1.
Ironically enough, though, the real trouble begins with the Higgs. The Higgs came about to solve a truly massive problem: the fact that the basic building blocks of ordinary matter (things such as electrons and quarks, collectively known as fermions) and the particles that carry forces (collectively called bosons) all have a property we call mass. Theories could see no rhyme or reason in particles' masses and could not predict them; they had to be measured in experiments and added into the theory by hand.
These "free parameters" were embarrassing loose threads in the theories that were being woven together to form what eventually became the standard model. In 1964,Peter Higgs of the University of Edinburgh, UK, and François Englert and Robert Brout of the Free University of Brussels (ULB) in Belgium independently hit upon a way to tie them up.
That mechanism was an unseen quantum field that suffuses the entire cosmos. Later dubbed the Higgs field, it imparts mass to all particles. The mass an elementary particle such as an electron or quark acquires depends on the strength of its interactions with the Higgs field, whose "quanta" are Higgs bosons.
Fields like this are key to the standard model as they describe how the electromagnetic and the weak and strong nuclear forces act on particles through the exchange of various bosons - the W and Z particles, gluons and photons. But the Higgs theory, though elegant, comes with a nasty sting in its tail: what is the mass of the Higgs itself? It should consist of a core mass plus contributions from its interactions with all the other elementary particles. When you tot up those contributions, the Higgs mass balloons out of control.
The experimental clues we already have suggest that the Higgs's mass should lie somewhere between 114 and 180 gigaelectronvolts - between 120 and 190 times the mass of a proton or neutron, and easily the sort of energy the LHC can reach. Theory, however, comes up with values 17 or 18 orders of magnitude greater - a catastrophic discrepancy dubbed "the hierarchy problem". The only way to get rid of it in the standard model is to fine-tune certain parameters with an accuracy of 1 part in 1034, something that physicists find unnatural and abhorrent.
Three into one
The hierarchy problem is not the only defect in the standard model. There is also the problem of how to reunite all the forces. In today's universe, the three forces dealt with by the standard model have very different strengths and ranges. At a subatomic level, the strong force is the strongest, the weak the weakest and the electromagnetic force somewhere in between.
Towards the end of the 1960s, though, Weinberg, then at Harvard University, showed with Abdus Salam and Sheldon Glashow that this hadn't always been the case. At the kind of high energies prevalent in the early universe, the weak and electromagnetic forces have one and the same strength; in fact they unify into one force. The expectation was that if you extrapolated back far enough towards the big bang, the strong force would also succumb, and be unified with the electromagnetic and weak force in one single super-force (see graph).
In 1974 Weinberg and his colleagues Helen Quinn and Howard Georgi showed that the standard model could indeed make that happen - but only approximately. Hailed initially as a great success, this not-so-exact reunification soon began to bug physicists working on "grand unified theories" of nature's interactions.
It was around this time that supersymmetry made its appearance, debuting in the work of Soviet physicists Yuri Golfand and Evgeny Likhtman that never quite made it to the west. It was left to Julius Wess of Karlsruhe University in Germany and Bruno Zumino of the University of California, Berkeley, to bring its radical prescriptions to wider attention a few years later.
Wess and Zumino were trying to apply physicists' favourite simplifying principle, symmetry, to the zoo of subatomic particles. Their aim was to show that the division of the particle domain into fermions and bosons is the result of a lost symmetry that existed in the early universe.
According to supersymmetry, each fermion is paired with a more massive supersymmetric boson, and each boson with a fermionic super-sibling. For example, the electron has the selectron (a boson) as its supersymmetric partner, while the photon is partnered with the photino (a fermion). In essence, the particles we know now are merely the runts of a litter double the size (see diagram).
The key to the theory is that in the high-energy soup of the early universe, particles and their super-partners were indistinguishable. Each pair co-existed as single massless entities. As the universe expanded and cooled, though, this supersymmetry broke down. Partners and super-partners went their separate ways, becoming individual particles with a distinctive mass all their own.
Supersymmetry was a bold idea, but one with seemingly little to commend it other than its appeal to the symmetry fetishists. Until, that is, you apply it to the hierarchy problem. It turned out that supersymmetry could tame all the pesky contributions from the Higgs's interactions with elementary particles, the ones that cause its mass to run out of control. They are simply cancelled out by contributions from their supersymmetric partners. "Supersymmetry makes the cancellation very natural," says Nathan Seiberg of Princeton University.
That wasn't all. In 1981 Georgi, together with Savas Dimopoulos of Stanford University, redid the force reunification calculations that he had done with Weinberg and Quinn, but with supersymmetry added to the mix. They found that the curves representing the strengths of all three forces could be made to come together with stunning accuracy in the early universe. "If you have two curves, it's not surprising that they intersect somewhere," says Weinberg. "But if you have three curves that intersect at the same point, then that's not trivial."
This second strike for supersymmetry was enough to convert many physicists into true believers. But it was when they began studying some of the questions raised by the new theory that things became really interesting.
One pressing question concerned the present-day whereabouts of supersymmetric particles. Electrons, photons and the like are all around us, but of selectrons and photinos there is no sign, either in nature or in any high-energy accelerator experiments so far. If such particles exist, they must be extremely massive indeed, requiring huge amounts of energy to fabricate.
Such huge particles would long since have decayed into a residue of the lightest, stable supersymmetric particles, dubbed neutralinos. Still massive, the neutralino has no electric charge and interacts with normal matter extremely timorously by means of the weak nuclear force. No surprise then that it is has eluded detection so far.
When physicists calculated exactly how much of the neutralino residue there should be, they were taken aback. It was a huge amount - far more than all the normal matter in the universe.
Beginning to sound familiar? Yes, indeed: it seemed that neutralinos fulfilled all the requirements for the dark matter that astronomical observations persuade us must dominate the cosmos. A third strike for supersymmetry.
Each of the three questions that supersymmetry purports to solve - the hierarchy problem, the reunification problem and the dark-matter problem - might have its own unique answer. But physicists are always inclined to favour an all-purpose theory if they can find one. "It's really reassuring that there is one idea that solves these three logically independent things," says Seiberg.
Supersymmetry solves problems with the standard model, helps to unify nature's forces and explains the origin of dark matter
Supersymmetry's scope does not end there. As Seiberg and his Princeton colleague Edward Witten have shown, the theory can also explain why quarks are never seen on their own, but are always corralled together by the strong force into larger particles such as protons and neutrons. In the standard model, there is no mathematical indication why that should be; with supersymmetry, it drops out of the equations naturally. Similarly, mathematics derived from supersymmetry can tell you how many ways can you fold a four-dimensional surface, an otherwise intractable problem in topology.
All this seems to point to some fundamental truth locked up within the theory. "When something has applications beyond those that you designed it for, then you say, 'well this looks deep'," says Seiberg. "The beauty of supersymmetry is really overwhelming."
Sadly, neither mathematical beauty nor promise are enough on their own. You also need experimental evidence. "It is embarrassing," says Michael Dine of the University of California, Santa Cruz. "It is a lot of paper expended on something that is holding on by these threads."
Circumstantial evidence for supersymmetry might be found in various experiments designed to find and characterise dark matter in cosmic rays passing through Earth. These include the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search experiment inside the Soudan Mine in northern Minnesota and the Xenon experiment beneath the Gran Sasso mountain in central Italy. Space probes like NASA's Fermi satellite are also scouring the Milky Way for the telltale signs expected to be produced when two neutralinos meet and annihilate.
The best proof would come, however, if we could produce neutralinos directly through collisions in an accelerator. The trouble is that we are not entirely sure how muscular that accelerator would need to be. The mass of the super-partners depends on precisely when supersymmetry broke apart as the universe cooled and the standard particles and their super-partners parted company. Various versions of the theory have not come up with a consistent timing. Some variants even suggest that certain super-partners are light enough to have already turned up in accelerators such as the Large Electron-Positron collider - the LHC's predecessor at CERN - or the Tevatron collider in Batavia, Illinois. Yet neither accelerator found anything.
The reason physicists are so excited about the LHC, though, is that the kind of supersymmetry that best solves the hierarchy problem will become visible at the higher energies the LHC will explore. Similarly, if neutralinos have the right mass to make up dark matter, they should be produced in great numbers at the LHC.
Since the accident during the accelerator's commissioning last year, CERN has adopted a softly-softly approach to the LHC's restart. For the first year it will smash together two beams of protons with a total energy of 7 teraelectronvolts (TeV), half its design energy. Even that is quite a step up from the 1.96 TeV that the Tevatron, the previous record holder, could manage. "If the heaviest supersymmetric particles weigh less than a teraelectronvolt, then they could be produced quite copiously in the early stages of LHC's running," says CERN theorist John Ellis.
If that is so, events after the accelerator is fired up again could take a paradoxical turn. The protons that the LHC smashes together are composite particles made up of quarks and gluons, and produce extremely messy debris. It could take rather a long time to dig the Higgs out of the rubble, says Ellis.
Any supersymmetric particles, on the other hand, will decay in as little as 10-16seconds into a slew of secondary particles, culminating in a cascade of neutralinos. Because neutralinos barely interact with other particles, they will evade the LHC's detectors. Paradoxically, this may make them relatively easy to find as the energy and momentum they carry will appear to be missing. "This, in principle, is something quite distinctive," says Ellis.
So if evidence for supersymmetry does exist in the form most theorists expect, it could be discovered well before the Higgs particle, whose problems SUSY purports to solve. Any sighting of something that looks like a neutralino would be very big news indeed. At the very least it would be the best sighting yet of a dark-matter particle. Even better, it would tell us that nature is fundamentally supersymmetric.
There is a palpable sense of excitement about what the LHC might find in the coming years. "I'll be delighted if it is supersymmetry," says Seiberg. "But I'll also be delighted if it is something else. We need more clues from nature. The LHC will give us these clues."
Blood brothers?
String theory and supersymmetry are two as-yet unproved theories about the make-up of the universe. But they are not necessarily related.
It is true that most popular variants of string theory take a supersymmetric universe as their starting point. String theorists, who have taken considerable flak for advocating a theory that has consistently struggled to make testable predictions, will breathe a huge sigh of relief if supersymmetry is found.
That might be premature: the universe could still be supersymmetric without string theory being correct. Conversely, at the kind of energies probed by the LHC, it is not clear that supersymmetry is a precondition for string theory. "It is easier to understand string theory if there is supersymmetry at the LHC," says Edward Witten, a theorist at Princeton University, "but it is not clear that it is a logical requirement."
If supersymmetry does smooth the way for string theory, however, that could be a decisive step towards a theory that solves the greatest unsolved problem of physics: why gravity seems so different to all the rest of the forces in nature. If so, supersymmetry really could have all the answers.
Anil Ananthaswamy is a consulting editor for New Scientist